Music therapy

Music therapy is an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the client’s needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client [...]

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Ethnomusicology

In the West, much of the history of music that is taught deals with the Western civilization’s art music. The history of music in other cultures (”world music” or the field of “ethnomusicology”) is also taught in Western universities. This includes the documented classical traditions of Asian countries outside the influence of Western Europe, as [...]

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Consonance and dissonance

Consonance can be roughly defined as harmonies whose tones complement and increase each others’ resonance, and dissonance as those which create more complex acoustical interactions (called ‘beats’). A simplistic example is that of “pleasant” sounds versus “unpleasant” ones. Another manner of thinking about the relationship regards stability; dissonant harmonies are sometimes considered to be unstable [...]

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Serial composition and set theory

Twelve Tone Serialism is a technique developed by Arnold Schoenberg to order and repeat all the 12 pitches of the Chromatic Scale with specific order. An ordered row of the 12 pitches is created, then all possible transformations are explored. The analytic techniques involve writing a 12×12 matrix of the tone row, and all of [...]

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Music perception and cognition

Jackendoff and Lerdahl attempt to develop a “musical grammar.” Using Jackendoff’s background as a linguist and Lerdahl’s compositional and theoretical background, a series of generative rules are defined to explain the hierarchical structure of tonal music. The rules focus on musical grouping, or methods in which rhythmic groups of notes, as well as formal hierarchies, [...]

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